These drugs can also be used against other forms of malaria, including p. Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite that is found in nature in longtailed and pigtailed macaques. Review of cases with the emerging fifth human malaria parasite. The population screened was mainly of raglai ethnicity, living in hilly. Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts, which rupture and release merozoites. Knowlesi malaria in vietnam europe pmc article europe. The high proportion of human cases due to the simian malaria parasite plasmodium knowlesi in malaysia is a cause of concern, as they can be severe and even fatal. T he malaria parasite plasmodium knowlesi naturally occurs in longtailed and pigtailed macaques that inhabit forested areas in southeast asia. This study in 20082009 and retrospective analysis of malaria species in human blood samples obtained in. Plasmodium knowlesi is a malaria parasite infecting old world monkeys that is prevalent in southeast asia3. Fever and rigors occur in nearly all patients, and nonspecific symptoms include headache, myalgia, arthralgia and cough 1,2,3. High proportion of knowlesi malaria in recent malaria cases in. One study even showed that treatment with acts specifically artemetherlumefantrine was more effective than chloroquine in treating p. Humans can be infected with this monkey malaria parasite while staying in rainforests andor their fringe areas, within the range of the natural monkey hosts and.
Originally known to cause simian malaria, plasmodium knowlesi is now known as the fifth human malaria species. Human malaria has been known to be caused by 4 plasmodium species, with plasmodium falciparum causing. Its diverse causes include respiratory compensation of metabolic acidosis, noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, concomitant pneumonia, and severe anemia. Reduced red blood cell deformability in plasmodium. In 2004, plasmodium knowlesi was first recognised as a relevant cause of human malaria in southeast asia. Naturally acquired human infections with plasmodium knowlesi are endemic to southeast asia.
Plasmodium knowlesi, which infects humans, uses anophele mosquitoes as a vector. So initially, it was uncertain whether natural infection could take place and, thus, whether this could be. Plasmodium is a genus of protozoa that cause malaria. Malaria is a lifethreatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to people by mosquitoes.
Commentary open access plasmodium knowlesi malaria in vietnam. Human plasmodium knowlesi infection detected by rapid. In recent years, sporadic cases of travellers malaria due to p. Commentary open access plasmodium knowlesi malaria in. Although global morbidity and mortality have decreased substantially, malaria, a parasite infection of red blood cells, still kills roughly 2000 people per day, most of whom are children in africa. Naturally acquired human infections were thought to be extremely rare until a large focus of human infections was reported in 2004 in sarawak, malaysian borneo. Does the number malaria cases increase every year globally. Pdf plasmodium knowlesi malaria in human is widely distributed. Gastrointestinal symptoms have been reported in over 30% of all patients with knowlesi malaria, and 100% of fatal cases. There are over a hundred different species of the malariacausing plasmodium parasites in reptiles, birds and mammals. Transmission of plasmodium knowlesi, for malaria therapy, from human to human was by blood passage. Epidemiology of plasmodium knowlesi malaria in northeast. Plasmodium knowlesi an overview sciencedirect topics.
Imwong m, tanomsing n, pukrittayakamee s, day np, white nj. During a blood meal, a malariainfected female anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host. Biomed central open access page 1 of 2 page number not for citation purposes malaria journal commentary knowlesi malaria in vietnam janet coxsingh1,2 address. Note the classic rosette appearance of the merozoites. Initially discovered in 1927 by giuseppe, the parasite originally caused malaria in longtailed and pigtailed macaques. Defining the ecological and evolutionary drivers of. The majority of malarial infections are associated with some degree of anemia, the severity of which depends upon patientspecific characteristics eg, age, innate and acquired resistance, comorbid features as well as parasitespecific characteristics eg. The emerging of the fifth malaria parasite plasmodium. Following the description of the large focus of human knowlesi malaria cases in the kapit division of malaysian borneo in 2004, there have been reports of infections acquired in kapit and other locations in malaysian borneo 2843 and in peninsular malaysia 28, 4447. The effect of regularly dosed paracetamol versus no.
Pdf contribution of plasmodium knowlesi to multispecies. Knowlesi malaria cases are widely distributed in east and west malaysia and account for more than 50% of admissions for malaria in certain hospitals in the state of sarawak. Plasmodium knowlesi, a simian malaria parasite, is now recognised as the fifth cause of human malaria and can lead to fatal infections in humans. Plasmodium knowlesi is an intracellular malaria parasite whose natural vertebrate host is macaca fascicularis the kra monkey. Respiratory distress develops in up to 25% of adults and 40% of children with severe falciparum malaria. As the mosquito bites a human, the sporozoites of the parasite are injected into the. Little is known however about the epidemiology in this substantially deforested region. So far, it is considered a relatively minor source of malaria in humans, as its. Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans is widely distributed and.
However, new microvascular imaging techniques have shown that disease severity correlates more strongly with. A recent study on plasmodium knowlesi malaria in vietnam failed to discover symptomatic p. This species is most commonly found in southeast asia. In sabah, 25 cases of knowlesi malaria were notified in 2014, representing a 33% increase on 20. Laboratory challenges of plasmodium species identification. The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. Thailand is a major destination for german travellers with more than 760,000 arrivals in 2015. Ill answer your question about plasmodium knowlesi first. Among other species contributing to human infections, plasmodium malariae malaria may require hospitalization in the eastern province of papua but is not frequently encountered in western.
The 2016 world health organization who world malaria report documents substantial progress towards control and elimination of malaria. Pdf until recently, plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans was misdiagnosed as plasmodium malariae malaria. Eukaryota, alveolata, apicomplexa, aconoidasida, haemosporida, plasmodium, knowlesi description and significance plasmodium knowlesi is one of 5 known strains of malaria and is the most recently discovered strain of the group. The clinical presentation of knowlesi malaria is similar to that of the other human malarias. Plasmodium knowlesi definition of plasmodium knowlesi by. Recently, knowlesi malaria has become the predominant malaria. Patients with severe falciparum, vivax, and knowlesi malaria may develop acute lung injury ali and ards, often several days after. Malaria and the red cell hematology american society.
In indonesia, 2 million cases of malaria are reported each year, with plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax the 2 major reported causes. The top priority must be disease prevention because of the inability of the mothers to access or afford optimal treatment, and the everevolving drug resistance. Plasmodium knowlesi had been known for some time as a parasite of longtailed macaques but was not considered a significant human. Rapid communications plasmodium knowlesi infection. In this report from aceh province, indonesia, where p. Plasmodium knowlesi is the only primate malaria species known to have a 24hour cycle of asexual development in the blood and in m. Malaria parasites belong to the genus plasmodium phylum apicomplexa. Subnational stratification of malaria risk in mainland tanzania. Malaria journal biomed central university of st andrews.
Profound hypovolemia is common in these patients and has the potential to exacerbate the acidosis and acute kidney injury that are independent predictors of death. Plasmodium malariae centers for disease control and. Department of gastroenterology, hepatology and infectious diseases, heinrich. Plasmodium knowlesi h strain pregnancy malaria immune responses international journal of integrative biology regular a journal for biology beyond borders plasmodium knowlesi h strain pregnancy malaria immune responses in olive baboons papio anubis barasa mustafa1,2, mwangi irungu michael1,2, mutiso muli joshua1,2, kagasi ambogo esther2, ozwara suba hastings2, gicheru muita michael1.
In some hospitals in malaysian borneo, knowlesi malaria accounts for the majority of malaria cases. The genome of the simian and human malaria parasite. An estimated 700,000 people were kiled by malaria in 2010 globally and approximately half the worlds population are at risk of the disease. Plasmodium knowlesi infection in a returning german. Other articles where plasmodium knowlesi is discussed. Pdf in 2004, a large focus of human malaria infection in malaysian borneo alerted the world. The simian parasite plasmodium knowlesi is a common cause of human malaria in malaysian borneo, with a particularly high incidence in kudat, sabah. The population screened was mainly of raglai ethnicity, living. At the same time, malaria is a concern in travel recommendations with regard to this destination. Human infections and detection of plasmodium knowlesi. Malaria is endemic throughout large areas of the tropics. Merozoite surface protein 7 msp7 is a multigene family which forms a noncovalent complex with msp1 prior to receptorligand recognition in plasmodium falciparum and thus an important antigen for vaccine development. The epidemiological surveys conducted in malaysia, which demonstrated that p.
These factors, often illdefined, determine the outcome in each child. Contribution of plasmodium knowlesi to multispecies human. Plasmodium knowlesi is a parasite that causes malaria in humans and other primates. Recent molecular studies indicate that plasmodium ovale malaria is caused by two closely related species of protozoan parasites, thereby imposing new challenges for detection and species differentiation. The simian parasite plasmodium knowlesi, first reported as a major cause of human malaria in malaysia in 2004, is now known to cause human infections throughout southeast asia. Malaria parasites are generally rather choosy, both about their mammalian, avian, or reptilian hosts and their respective mosquito vectors. Malaria is a global health problem, causing disease on a vast scale. Sampai saat ini seluruh negara asia tenggara pernah melaporkan adanya kasus infeksi malaria p. Np 40 was purchased from particle data laboratories, ltd. Fluid resuscitation has long been considered a key intervention in the treatment of adults with severe falciparum malaria. Recent malaria control efforts in mainland tanzania have led to progressive changes in the prevalence of malaria infection in children, from 18. The fluid management of adults with severe malaria.
Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in humans and macaques. Most of these infections are attributable to plasmodium falciparum 90 percent, but plasmodium vivax and plasmodium knowlesi can also cause severe disease. Being so widespread among terrestrial vertebrates, zoonotic transfer of plasmodium has come at humans from multiple different sources. Muehlenbein mp, pacheco ma, taylor je, prall sp, ambu l, nathan s. Pacbio assembly of a plasmodium knowlesi genome sequence with hic correction and manual. It is found throughout southeast asia, and is the most common cause of human malaria in malaysia.
Plasmodium species use two hosts in their lifecycle. Contribution of plasmodium knowlesi to multispecies human malaria infections in north sumatera, indonesia article pdf available in the journal of infectious diseases 2157 february 2017 with. Of the approximately 3 billion people living in more than 100 countries who are exposed to malaria, more than 216 million develop symptomatic infection annually. This emerging disease is important because it has potential for causing severe disease and death, and it is a threat to malaria elimination efforts in the region. Determination of the infecting plasmodium species for treatment purposes is important for three main reasons. Plasmodium knowlesi current status and the request for.
439 554 368 1412 437 1524 1002 1 259 1442 981 761 812 1149 1014 1340 361 1280 1600 592 1234 760 710 942 104 978 838 234 94 627 233 1418 1595 1187 1039 1428 408 1093 1283 775 22 785 588 389 1495 175 74 1307 1180